Error concealment for mpeg decoding with personal video recording functionality

ABSTRACT

Error concealment for motion picture expert group (MPEG) decoding with personal video recording functionality. Error concealment of MPEG data may take place within various components within playback, recording, reading and writing data systems. The error concealment may be provided within existing systems whose components may not be capable of accommodating errors within MPEG data. In certain embodiments, the available data that contain no errors is maximized to conceal those portions of the data that do include errors.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present U.S. Utility patent application claims priority pursuant to35 U.S.C. §120, as a continuation, to the following U.S. Utility patentapplication which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility patent applicationfor all purposes:

-   1. U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/409,439, entitled “Error    Concealment for MPEG Decoding with Personal Video Recording    Functionality,” filed Mar. 23, 2009, pending, which claims priority    pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §120, as a continuation, to the following U.S.    Utility patent application that is hereby incorporated herein by    reference in its entirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility    patent application for all purposes:-   2. U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 10/060,118, entitled “Error    Concealment for MPEG Decoding with Personal Video Recording    Functionality,” filed Jan. 29, 2002, now issued as U.S. Pat. No.    7,508,874, on Mar. 24, 2009.

SPECIFICATION

1. Technical Field

The embodiments relate generally to video recorder and playback systems;and, more particularly, it relates to error concealment of errors withindata that are employed within video recorder and playback systems.

2. Related Art

There is much discussion among the various video and audio datadevelopment groups to address the problems of corrupted data and how todeal with such problems; this includes the motion picture expert group(MPEG) discussions regarding dealing with error in MPEG data. However,the MPEG standard does not yet address how to deal with errors withinthe MPEG data such the data may nevertheless be played back. Typicallywithin such systems, when an error is encountered, a decoder simplybumps out and just dies during the decoding process; the decoder thensimply exits. There is typically no recovery from the error in the MPEGdata; this portion of MPEG data is treated as being corrupted andremains unused.

The most common approaches to deal with such problems have been verydeficient. For example, typical prior art systems cannot deal witherrors or corruption within MPEG data. Most prior art systems cannotdeal with a corrupted stream of MPEG data at all. There are someproprietary systems and methods that try to deal with errors in MPEGdata in some way, yet those approaches typically do not provide a highdegree of robustness, and they do not typically or sufficiently addressthe variety of types of errors that may be encountered within MPEG data.Moreover, these prior art approaches, even when they seek to try toaddress errors within the MPEG data, are oftentimes unable to deal withany real live streaming of MPEG data that includes some errors. Enormousamounts of time and processing resources are typically required toperform correction to error correction within MPEG data.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A better understanding can be obtained when the following detaileddescription of various exemplary embodiments is considered inconjunction with the following drawings.

FIG. 1 is a system diagram illustrating an embodiment of a MotionPicture Expert Group (MPEG) error concealment system that is built inaccordance with certain aspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a system diagram illustrating another embodiment of an MPEGerror concealment system that is built in accordance with certainaspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a system diagram illustrating another embodiment of an MPEGerror concealment system that is built in accordance with certainaspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a system diagram illustrating an embodiment of a digitalchannel recording process employing error concealment that is performedin accordance with certain aspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a system diagram illustrating an embodiment of an analogchannel recording process employing error concealment that is performedin accordance with certain aspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a system diagram illustrating an embodiment of an MPEGdecoding system employing error concealment in accordance with certainaspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 7 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of atime-based management MPEG decoder method employing error concealmentthat is performed in accordance with certain aspects of the presentembodiments.

FIG. 8 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of amarked Programmed Clock Reference (PCR) discontinuity error concealmentmethod that is performed during live decoding in accordance with certainaspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 9 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of anunmarked PCR discontinuity error concealment method that is performedduring live decoding in accordance with certain aspects of the presentembodiments.

FIG. 10 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of aPresentation Time Stamp (PTS) and System Time Clock (STC) mismatchhandling method that is performed during live video decoding inaccordance with certain aspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 11 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of aPTS and STC mismatch handling method that is performed during live audiodecoding in accordance with certain aspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 12 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of amarked and unmarked PCR discontinuity error concealment method that isperformed during playback in accordance with certain aspects of thepresent embodiments.

FIG. 13 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of aPTS and STC mismatch handling method that is performed during videoplayback in accordance with certain aspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 14 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of aPTS and STC mismatch handling method that is performed during audioplayback in accordance with certain aspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 15 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of adata transport processor error handling method that is performed inaccordance with certain aspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 16 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of avideo transport error handling method that is performed in accordancewith certain aspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 17 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of anaudio transport error handling method that is performed in accordancewith certain aspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 18 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of anMPEG video decoder error handling method, for picture and upper layererrors, that is performed in accordance with certain aspects of thepresent embodiments.

FIG. 19 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of anMPEG video decoder error handling method, for slice and lower layererrors, that is performed in accordance with certain aspects of thepresent embodiments.

FIG. 20 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of anMPEG video decoder error handling method that is performed in accordancewith certain aspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 21 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of anMPEG audio decoder error handling method that is performed in accordancewith certain aspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 22 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of anerror concealment method that is performed in accordance with certainaspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 23 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of anerror concealment method that is performed in accordance with certainaspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 24 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of avideo decoding method that is performed in accordance with certainaspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 25 is an operational flow diagram illustrating another embodimentof a video decoding method that is performed in accordance with certainaspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 26 is an operational flow diagram illustrating another embodimentof a video decoding method that is performed in accordance with certainaspects of the present embodiments.

FIG. 27 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of avideo processing method that is performed in accordance with certainaspects of the present embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A data decode and playback system is operable to perform errorconcealment for Motion Picture Expert Group (MPEG) data. The system isable to cover errors within MPEG data, to conceal the errors, when thetrue form of the MPEG data cannot be recovered completely or completelyrepaired. In doing so, the MPEG data may then be used within any systemdesiring to perform playback of the MPEG data. From certainperspectives, the data decode and playback system may be viewed as beingcapable of ensuring that MPEG data, even in the undesirable event thatthe MPEG data contains some errors, will still be able to play back theMPEG data or at least substantial portions of the MPEG data.

The system is operable to perform decoding and/or playback of MPEG datathat may include errors. In various embodiments, decoding of such datamay take place during live streaming; for example, when no buffering ofdata is performed, while still able to perform decoding of the data andensure error concealment. In other embodiments, error concealment maytake place within an MPEG transport processor of data received in MPEGTransport Stream (TS) format. In addition, error concealment can takeplace on data that is read from some memory storage device, includingsome MPEG data storage media such as a hard disk.

The data decode and playback system may be implemented within thevarious components of a personal video recorder, and is operable toperform error concealment of MPEG data within various components withinplayback, recording, reading, and writing data systems. The data decodeand playback system is also operable within existing systems whosecomponents may not be capable of accommodating errors within MPEG data.Whereas previous systems typically cannot deal with any corruptedwithout either losing the data or suffering some operational failure,the present data decode and playback system is able to conceal theseerrors and to continue decoding and presentation of the MPEG data. Incertain embodiments, this involves maximizing the available data thatcontain no errors to conceal those portions of the data that do includeerrors. The data decode and playback system is operable to accommodatevarious layers while performing error concealment, including the MPEGtransport stream layer, the video layer, and the audio layer.

Moreover, the data decode and playback system is able to interface withother components within such systems that do not perform errorconcealment. For example, the various aspects of error concealment maybe performed in one component, that is able to perform errorconcealment, and that component then provides MPEG data whose errorshave been concealed so that the MPEG data may be decoded and played backwithout suffering any deleterious effects within the overall system.From certain perspectives, the present embodiments may be implemented inan add-on component so that the add-on component may then provide errorconcealment functionality that benefits other legacy components withinthe overall system. Alternatively, the data decode and playback systemmay be implemented via software within an existing component so that thelegacy component, after being updated, is then able to perform errorconcealment. For example, a data transport processor, a video transportprocessor, an audio transport processor, and/or a decoder built inaccordance with the present embodiments may be re-configured so as toprovide error concealment functionality.

The data decode and playback system employs many different methods toaccommodate the various situations where errors may be encounteredduring decoding and presentation. Some of these situations include errorconcealment in time base management, error concealment in live decoding,error concealment of playback, including the situation when a programmay be watched and recorded simultaneously. Other situations involveerror concealment in MPEG-2 transport processors involving errorhandling in data transport processors, error handling in videotransport, and error handling in audio transport. Other situationsinvolve error concealment of elementary stream decoders including errorhandling in MPEG-2 video decoders and error handling in audio decoders.In certain embodiments, the various aspects of error concealment includedetecting certain types of errors within MPEG data, and in some casesusing those error types to categorize the data.

FIG. 1 is a system diagram illustrating an embodiment of a MotionPicture Expert Group (MPEG) error concealment system 100 that is builtin accordance with certain aspects of the present embodiments. The MPEGerror concealment system 100 is operable to support error concealmentfunctionality 130 in many different layers including an MPEG TransportStream (TS) layer, a video layer, and an audio layer. Any errors thatmay have been present in any of the various layers will be concealedwithin the functional block 130. The output of the functional block 130will include error concealed/decoded MPEG data. Any errors will bedetected and concealed in such a way that they will not interfere withany subsequent reading, playback, or transmitting of the MPEG datawithin any other functional blocks or systems. The errorconcealed/decoded MPEG data will be operable within any MPEG system, andthe error concealed/decoded MPEG data will be compatible within any MPEGmethod.

It is also noted that the present embodiment is operable even whenencountering MPEG data that contains no errors whatsoever. The presentembodiment is operable to be implemented in conjunction and to interfacewith systems that are incapable of performing any error concealment.Various embodiments may be arranged so that error concealment isperformed within components, implemented in accordance with the presentembodiment, so that error concealment is performed within thesefunctional blocks to ensure that any errors within an MPEG TS are infact concealed as they are transported to other components that areincapable of handling errors within an MPEG TS. This way, thosecomponents that are inoperable to accommodate errors and perform properplayback of MPEG TSs having errors will receive an MPEG TS whose errorsare concealed; these components will then be able to perform properdecoding process actions and playback process actions.

FIG. 2 is a system diagram illustrating another embodiment of an MPEGerror concealment system 200 that is built in accordance with certainaspects of the present embodiments. The FIG. 2 shows a number of ways inwhich error concealment may be performed on data.

One manner in which error concealment may be performed on an MPEG TS iswhen an MPEG TS is provided via live streaming to an MPEG decoder 230;this embodiment shows a situation where there is no buffering of an MPEGTS that is provided to the MPEG decoder 230. The MPEG decoder 230 isoperable to perform error concealment on the MPEG TS that is receivedduring live streaming to conceal any errors that may be present in theMPEG TS that is provided via live streaming with no buffering. The MPEGdecoder 230 is operable to perform decoding on the MPEG TS using livedecoding, as shown in a functional block 232, or alternatively, duringplayback decoding, as shown in a functional block 234. The same MPEGdecoder 230 is operable to perform live decoding 232 and playbackdecoding 234 in certain embodiments.

Another manner in which error concealment may be performed is on an MPEGTS that is provided to an MPEG transport processor 210. This MPEG TS maybe viewed as any MPEG TS that is transported between various deviceswithin a communication system. In this situation, the MPEG transportprocessor 210 performs error concealment on the MPEG TS and thenprovides an error concealed MPEG TS to the MPEG decoder 230. The MPEGtransport processor 210 is operable to perform error concealment of anyerrors that may be present in the MPEG TS that is received by the MPEGtransport processor 210. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the MPEGtransport processor 210 may be operable to detect an error in a receivedMPEG TS packet header; in one situation, the MPEG transport processor210 merely notifies the MPEG decoder 230 of the existence of this errorand passes the MPEG TS packet to the MPEG decoder 230. In otherembodiments, the MPEG transport processor 210 is also operable not onlyto identify the existence of the error, but also to perform errorconcealment of the error.

Another embodiment showing a way in which error concealment may beperformed is when an MPEG TS is received from MPEG data storage media240. The MPEG data storage media 240 may include any number of varioustypes of data storage media including a hard disk, various types of ROM,RAM, and other data storage media. The MPEG TS is read from the MPEGdata storage media 240, and it is then transferred to the MPEG decoder230. In this situation, the MPEG decoder 230 is operable to performerror concealment of any errors that may be present in the MPEG TS thatis received from the MPEG data storage media 240.

The embodiment of the FIG. 2 shows how error concealment may beperformed at various stages and places within an MPEG error concealmentsystem. Regardless of whether errors are included within an MPEG TS asit is received via live streaming, or as it is read from MPEG datastorage media 240. At any rate, the present embodiment is operable tooutput and to provide error concealed/decoded MPEG data to anysubsequent component. The present embodiment is not only operable toperform error concealment of any errors in various layers of an system(MPEG TS layer, a video layer, and an audio layer), but it is alsooperable to perform it at various locations within the system as well.

FIG. 3 is a system diagram illustrating another embodiment of an MPEGerror concealment system 300 that is built in accordance with certainaspects of the present embodiment. An MPEG TS is provided to an MPEGtransport processor 310. The MPEG transport processor 310 may be viewedas including one or more of a data transport processor 311, a videotransport processor 312, and an audio transport processor 313. Each ofthe data transport processor 311, the video transport processor 312, andthe audio transport processor 313 is operable to perform errorconcealment, as shown by the functional block 320 that shows thefunctionality of transport processor error concealment. In the eventthat the received MPEG TS includes any errors, the MPEG transportprocessor 310 is operable to perform error concealment on the MPEG TSand to provide an MPEG TS whose errors are concealed. The MPEG transportprocessor 310 provides an MPEG TS to a decoder 330.

The decoder 330 may be viewed as having one or more of a video decoder332 and an audio decoder 333. Each of the video decoder 332 and theaudio decoder 333 is operable to perform decoder error concealment asshown in a functional block 340; the audio decoder 333 is operable toreceive and operate on an audio MPEG Elementary Stream (ES). Asmentioned above, the decoder 330 is operable to receive an MPEG TS fromthe MPEG transport processor 310. alternatively, the decoder 330 isoperable to receive an MPEG TS that is provided from a host processor350; the host processor 350 includes memory 352 that stores the MPEG TS.The memory 352 may include any type of memory known in the art includingROM, RAM, a hard disk and other types of storage media. The decoder 350is operable to receive the MPEG TS is various manners. The decoder 350may receive an MPEG TS whose errors may already be concealed, such as anerror concealed MPEG TS from the MPEG transport processor 310.Alternatively, the decoder 350 may receive an MPEG TS whose errors maynot yet be concealed, such as an MPEG TS containing errors from the hostprocessor 350. In the latter situation, the decoder 330 is operable toperform the error concealment on the MPEG TS. The now error concealedMPEG TS is provided to a display 360. The display 360 is operable toperform video playback, and it is also operable to support audioplayback functionality, as shown in a functional block 362.

The embodiment of the FIG. 3 shows how error concealment may beperformed at various stages and places within an MPEG error concealmentsystem. Regardless of whether errors are included within an MPEG TS asit is by an MPEG transport processor 310, or whether the MPEG TS is readfrom memory 352 within a host processor 350. At any rate, the presentembodiment is operable to output and to provide error concealed/decodedMPEG data to a display 360. The present embodiment is not only operableto perform error concealment of any errors in various layers of a system(MPEG TS layer, a video layer, and an audio layer), but it is alsooperable to perform it at various locations within the system as wellbefore attempting to display the MPEG TS.

FIG. 4 is a system diagram illustrating an embodiment of a digitalchannel recording process 400 employing error concealment that isperformed in accordance with certain aspects of the present embodiment.The FIG. 4 shows one embodiment where digital channel recording may beperformed, in a simplified manner when compared to previous systems,using certain aspects of the present embodiment. In this embodiment, aPersonal Video Recorder (PVR) digital-channel-recording process can bedescribed as shown below.

The selected video service will be contained in a Transport Stream (TS)that is received as shown in a Radio Frequency (RF) signal that isreceived by a tuner 410. The tuner 410 is operable to down-convert thechannel that contains the transport stream, from RF to IntermediateFrequency (IF). The Demodulation block, shown as a demodulator 415,demodulates the IF to base-band digital data and outputs the transportstream (shown as an MPEG TS) and sends the data to the decryption block420.

The decryption block 420 decrypts the packets of the TS into clear dataif the service is authorized. This output TS stream goes to the DataTransport Processor 425; this output TS may include some errors. Theerrors may be generated by any number of means; regardless of how theyarrived within the TS, the various aspects of the present embodiment isable to perform error concealment to any errors that may be within theTS. The Data Transport Processor 425 performs data transport errorconcealment, as shown in the functional block 427, on any errors thatmay be in the TS that the Data Transport Processor 425 receives from thedecryption block 420. The Data Transport Processor 425 thenre-multiplexes the TS into a new TS and stores the new TS data in a TSFIFO buffer 432 in Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM) 430.

This new TS is then transferred to a hard disk 450. The data within theTS FIFO buffer 432 is operable to be communicated to the hard disk 450.The CPU 440 controls the storing of the data from the TS FIFO 432 to thehard drive (hard disk 450). This is done using Direct Memory Access(DMA) engines that send the data over a PCI bus 441 to a IDE controllerchip 445 containing the IDE interface to the hard drive (hard disk 450)itself. If desired, the IDE ATA-3 Advanced Technology AttachmentInterface with Extensions—AT Attachment 3 Interface protocol is employedbetween the IDE controller chip 445 and the hard disk 450. A Start CodeIndex Table (SCIT) is also generated and stored in the hard disk 450 ina start code index file 451. A TS file 452 is then stored within thehard disk 452. In this embodiment, that performs error concealmentwithin the data transport error concealment functional block 427, anyerrors within this TS file 452 will be concealed.

The embodiment of FIG. 4 shows how a TS may be generated and stored in ahard disk 450 as will be understood by those persons having skill in theart. When the TS file 452 may then be read from the hard disk 450, therewill be no effect of any errors; any errors will have been concealed.

FIG. 5 is a system diagram illustrating an embodiment of an analogchannel recording process 500 employing error concealment that isperformed. A personal video recorder can accept an analog channel fromeither the tuner or from the baseband line inputs on the back panel ofits device.

The analog channel record path for each of these two cases may bedescribed as shown below. A tuner 510 receives a Radio Frequency (RF)signal and down-converts the selected channel to an IntermediateFrequency (IF) signal. The IF signal is then passed to the analogdescramble block 516. The analog descramble block 516 will thendemodulate the IF to base-band analog video and audio. If the channel isencrypted, the analog descramble block 516 will also decrypt the signals(provided that it is authorized to do so). The video component from theanalog descramble block 516 is passed to a video switcher block 518 fromwhich an analog video signal is passed to a video decoder 520. The videoswitcher block 518 also receives a line in video signal as well. Theanalog audio signal, from the analog descramble block 516, is passed toan audio Analog-To-Digital Converter (ADC) 572. Another audio ADC 571 isplaced in parallel with the audio ADC 572; the audio ADC 571 receives aline in audio signal. The outputs from both the audio ADCs 571 and 572are provided as serial I²S data streams and multiplexed (using MUX 573)into a serial I²S data stream that is provided to an MPEG audio encoderblock 581 within the MPEG encoder chip 580.

After the video component is then passed to the video decoder 520, thevideo decoder 520 converts it to an 8 bit parallel data stream that isthen sent to an MPEG video encoder block 582 within an MPEG encoder chip580. The MPEG encoder chip 580 accepts the digitized video (in CCIR656format, if desired) and digitized audio (from the MUX 573) andcompresses them and then multiplexes them (using a MUX 575) to an MPEGTS. The MPEG TS is a MPEG 2 Transport Stream in one particularembodiment. If desired, this now digitized MPEG TS may be communicatedto other devices via a PCI bus 541. The MPEG TS is then passed to a DataTransport Processor 525; the MPEG TS may include some undesirableerrors. The Data Transport Processor 525 performs data transport errorconcealment, as shown in the functional block 527, on any errors thatmay be in the TS that the Data Transport Processor 525 receives from theMPEG encoder chip 580.

The TS processing in the Data Transport Processor 525 stores the data ina TS FIFO buffer 532 in a SDRAM 530; any errors that may have been inthe TS received by the Data Transport Processor 525 will be concealedbefore being stored during the recording process. A CPU 540 controlsstoring the data from the TS FIFO 532 to the hard drive/hard drive 560.This may be performed using any one or more of various DMA engines thatsend the data over a PCI bus 541 (after having passed through a PCI I/F536) to a IDE controller chip 546 containing the IDE interface to thehard drive/hard disk 560 itself. Again, the interfacing between the IDEcontroller chip 546 and the hard disk 560 may be performed using the IDEATA-3 protocol. The start code index table (SCIT) is also generated andstored in the hard drive/hard disk 560 in a start code index file 561.Ultimately, a TS file 562 is stored on the hard disk 560. The TS file562 may then be retrieved for playback or for transmission to othercomponents or devices.

The embodiment of FIG. 5 shows how a TS may be generated and stored in ahard disk 560 as will be understood by those persons having skill in theart. When the TS file 562 may then be read from the hard disk 560, anyerrors that may have been in the originally received TS will beconcealed and will not undesirably affect the reading and performance ofthem in subsequent components or systems.

FIG. 6 is a system diagram illustrating an embodiment of an MPEGdecoding system 600 employing error concealment. The particular exampleof MPEG decoding employing error concealment is shown in the FIG. 6, butthose persons having skill in the art may appreciate that these aspectsof the present embodiment are also extendible to retrieval and playbackof other types of data, including audio data and other digital datatypes. The present embodiment is operable on any MPEG TS; one manner inwhich an MPEG TS may be received in described below. For example, in oneembodiment, a program recorded on a hard drive/hard disk, a personalvideo recorder, or other operable system is played back that programusing the steps described below in the system diagram of the FIG. 6. Thepresent embodiment will help ensure that any error present in the datawill be concealed before any playback of an MPEG TS. A processor, thatmay include a CPU 690, may read a TS data from the hard drive/hard diskbased on a user's selected playback mode. The correct MPEG TS data isread into TS presentation buffer 632 within a SDRAM 630 using DMAengines.

Continuing on with an example embodiment of how an MPEG TS may bereceived, data may be read from the hard drive/hard disk in a similar tothe manner in which data is written into a hard drive/hard disk. An IDEcontroller chip may communicatively couple with the hard disk andperform data transfer using the IDE ATA-3 protocol. The IDE controllerchip then communicatively couples to the TS presentation buffer 632within the SDRAM 630 via a PCI bus and a PCI I/F. The data is outputfrom the TS presentation buffer 632 and is then passed to a datatransport processor 635. The data transport processor thende-multiplexes the TS into its PES constituents and passes the audio TSto an audio decoder 660 and the video TS to a video transport processor640 and then to a MPEG video decoder 645 that is operable to decode theTS; the MPEG video decoder 645 is operable to perform trick playfunctionality as well. The; the audio decoder 660 is operable to receiveand operate on an audio MPEG Elementary Stream (ES).

The audio data is then sent to the output blocks 665 and 670, and thevideo is sent to a display engine 650. The display engine 650 isresponsible for and operable to perform scaling of the video picture,rendering the graphics, and constructing the complete display amongother functions. Once the display is ready to be presented, it is passedto a video encoder 655 where it is converted to analog video using aninternal Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC). The digital audio isconverted to analog in the audio Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) 665while a Sony Philips Digital Inter-Face (SPDIF) output stream is alsogenerated and transmitted using a SPDIF generator 670.

The FIG. 6 shows just one embodiment where a digital signal may beretrieved from a hard disk and transformed for playback. Those personshaving skill in the art will also appreciate that any number of TS s,contained in memory including within a TS file stored in a hard disk, orany TSs that are present throughout a personal video recorder or a videoplayback system. An MPEG video decoder, such as the MPEG video decoder645, that is operable to decode, interpret, and playback the TS. Anyerrors that may have existed within a received MPEG TS will then beconcealed before any subsequent playback.

The present embodiment is operable to employ a timing-recovery circuitryto implement certain embodiments of error concealment. Thetiming-recovery circuitry is a block of hardware (resided in a datatransport processor) designed specifically to manage the absolute andrelative time-base for both video and audio during live and playbackoperations. For example, in one embodiment, the timing-recoverycircuitry is a hardware block residing in the MPEG transport processor210 of the FIG. 2; in another embodiment, the timing-recovery circuitryis a hardware block residing in the MPEG transport processor 310 of theFIG. 3. In yet another embodiment, the timing-recovery circuitry is ahardware block residing in the data transport processor 425 of the FIG.4; in yet another embodiment, the timing-recovery circuitry is ahardware block residing in the data transport processor 526 of the FIG.5. Similarly, the timing-recovery circuitry may be a hardware blockresiding in the data transport processor 635 of the FIG. 6. From oneperspective, the function of the timing-recovery circuitry is to monitortimestamps in the MPEG transport stream and update the System Time Clock(STC) in both video and audio when necessary.

FIG. 7 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of atime-based management MPEG decoder method 700 employing errorconcealment. The FIG. 7 illustrates error concealment during livedecoding and also during playback decoding.

For example, the embodiment is operable to perform live decodingemploying error concealment as shown in a block 710. Within the block710, the embodiment is operable to detect a type of error within an MPEGTS as shown in a block 711. The subsequent handling the error within theMPEG TS is governed by the type of error within the MPEG TS. Forexample, if the detected error is a Programmed Clock Reference (PCR)discontinuity as shown in a block 712, then the method is operable tohandle this type of error appropriately. The method 700 is able to dealwith both marked PCR discontinuities (as shown in a block 713) andunmarked PCR discontinuities (as shown in a block 714). Similarly, ifthe detected error is a Presentation Time Stamp (PTS) and system timeclock (STC) mismatch as shown in a block 716, then the method 700performs PTS and STC mismatch handling as shown in a block 717.

Similarly, the present embodiment is operable to perform playbackdecoding employing error concealment as shown in a block 720. Within theblock 720, the present embodiment is operable to detect a type of errorwithin an MPEG TS as shown in a block 721. The subsequent handling theerror within the MPEG TS is governed by the type of error within theMPEG TS. For example, if the detected error is a Programmed ClockReference (PCR) discontinuity as shown in a block 722, then the methodis operable to handle this type of error appropriately. The method 700is able to deals with both marked PCR discontinuities and unmarked PCRdiscontinuities similarly, as shown by a block 723. In addition, if thedetected error is a Presentation Time Stamp (PTS) and System Time Clock(STC) mismatch as shown in a block 726, then the method 700 performs PTSand STC mismatch handling as shown in a block 727.

The FIG. 7 illustrates the accommodation of similar types of errorswithin an MPEG TS and to perform error concealment on them in both livedecoding and playback decoding embodiments.

FIG. 8 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of amarked Programmed Clock Reference (PCR) discontinuity error concealmentmethod 800 that is performed during live decoding. If there is a changein the PCR time base of any sort that would require the host processorto reload its System Time Clock (STC) (as opposed to just tracking outthe error over time), the MPEG specification requires the transportstream to flag this to the decoder by setting the PCR discontinuity bitin the transport packet header. This PCR discontinuity bit is detectedas being set in the transport packet header as shown in a block 810.

The Timing-Recovery Circuitry detects the PCR discontinuity flag in thetransport stream. In response to this, the Timing-Recovery Circuitryautomatically updates the video, audio, and its own STCs with the newPCR value as shown in a block 820. When the video decoder gets the newSTC update, it will automatically disable time-base management to allowpictures to continue to be decoded out of the video buffer that arestill based on the previous time-base as shown in a block 830. Once allpictures based on the previous time-base are decoded and displayed, thevideo decoder core will automatically switch back to time-base managedmode of operation as shown in a block 840.

When the PCR discontinuity is detected, the audio decoder will continuedecoding based on the previous time-base, as shown in a block 850, untilthe time base changes. When the audio decoder gets the new STC update,it will re-acquire the audio data as shown in a block 860. Since theaudio decoder core only checks for PTS maturity as data is sent into theaudio buffer, the core is able to seamlessly handle this update.

In alternative embodiments, the operations of the blocks 850 and 860 maybe replaced with the operation of a block 855. It is possible to runaudio decoding in a manner that is very similar to video decoding. Forexample, an STC update may be used to disable time-base management untilall audio frames based on previous time-base are output from acompressed buffer.

FIG. 9 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of anunmarked PCR discontinuity error concealment method 900 that isperformed during live decoding. Any unmarked discontinuity in thetime-base (i.e. a change in the PCR time-base that is not flagged withthe PCR discontinuity bit in the transport header) will be handled asdescribed below.

The Timing-Recovery Circuitry detects that the error between the new PCRand the existing STC as shown in a block 910. Then, in a block 920, itis determined whether the detected error is larger than a predeterminedand programmable threshold. If it is, then in response to this, the hostprocessor is interrupted as shown in a block 930. The host processorresponses to the PCR error interrupt by programming the Timing-RecoveryCircuitry to automatically update the video, audio, and its own STCswith a new PCR value from the MPEG TS as shown in a block 940.

When the MPEG video decoder gets the new STC update, it willautomatically disable time-base management to allow pictures to continueto be decoded out of the video buffer that are still based on theprevious time-base as shown in a block 950. In this case, the MPEG videodecoder is operated in the V-synch mode as shown in a block 960. Thisoperation within the block 960 may be viewed as decoding a picture ateach V-synch.

Once all pictures based on the previous time-base are decoded anddisplayed, the video decoder core will automatically switch back totime-base managed mode of operation as shown in a block 970. When theSTC is updated, the audio decoder will discard the data in the audiobuffer that are still based on the previous time-base as shown in ablock 980. When the audio decoder gets the new STC update, it willre-acquire the audio data as shown in a block 990. Since the audiodecoder core only checks for PTS maturity as data is sent into the audiobuffer, the core is able to seamlessly handle this update.

FIG. 10 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of aPresentation Time Stamp (PTS) and System Time Clock (STC) mismatchhandling method 1000 that is performed during live video decoding.

The video decoder is operable to use several thresholds to determine theaction preformed when the current PTS does not match the video STC. Eachof the scenarios is described as shown below. As shown in a decisionblock 1010, when it is determined that PTS>STC, then the method deemsthat the PTS for this picture has not matured. This picture is notdisplayed until the PTS and STC match. No PTS error interrupt isgenerated as shown in a block 1012. Then, when the PTS and STC match doin fact match as shown in a block 1014, then the picture is thendisplayed. A predetermined threshold may be used to determine whenPTS>STC.

As shown in a decision block 1020, when it is determined that PTS>>STC,then the method deems that the PTS for this picture is very far in thefuture. This picture is also not displayed until the PTS and STC match.To allow the host processor to correct this by reloading the STC, a PTSerror interrupt is generated to notify the host processor of thissituation as shown in a block 1022. Then, when the PTS and STC match doin fact match as shown in a block 1024, then the picture is thendisplayed. Similarly, a predetermined threshold may be used to determinewhen PTS>STC, and also the same or another predetermined threshold maybe used to determine when PTS>>STC. These one or two predeterminedthreshold(s) may be used to distinguish between the two conditions; itis understood that more than one predetermined threshold may be used todistinguish the two conditions from one another.

As shown in a decision block 1030, when it is determined that PTS<STC,then the method deems that the current picture is slightly old. No PTSerror interrupt is generated as shown in a block 1032. The picture isdecoded and, if a display buffer is available at that point in time,displayed immediately as shown in a block 1034. A predeterminedthreshold may be used to determine when PTS<STC.

As shown in a decision block 1030, when it is determined that PTS<<STC,then the method deems that the current picture is extremely old. In thissituation, a PTS error interrupt is generated to notify the hostprocessor of this situation as shown in a block 1042. The currentpicture is discarded without being displayed as shown in a block 1044.Similarly, a predetermined threshold may be used to determine whenPTS<STC, and also the same or another predetermined threshold may beused to determine when PTS<<STC. These one or two predeterminedthreshold(s) may be used to distinguish between the two conditions; itis understood that more than one predetermined threshold may be used todistinguish the two conditions from one another.

The predetermined thresholds for determining the four conditions may ormay not be symmetric. That is to say, the predetermined threshold forthe PTS>STC situation may be different, in absolute value terms, thanthe predetermined threshold for the PTS<STC situation. Similarly, thepredetermined threshold for the PTS>>STC situation may be different, inabsolute value terms, than the predetermined threshold for the PTS<<STCsituation.

FIG. 11 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of aPTS and STC mismatch handling method 1100 that is performed during liveaudio decoding. The audio decoder determines its actions as describedbelow.

As shown in a decision block 1110, when it is determined that PTS>STC,then the method deems that the PTS for this frame has not matured. Thispicture is not decoded and played until the PTS and STC match. As shownin a block 1114, when the PTS and STC match do in fact match, then thepicture is decoded and played.

As shown in a decision block 1130, when it is determined that PTS<STC,then the method deems that the current frame is old. This picture isdiscarded without being decoded and played. As shown in a block 1134,the current picture is discarded without being decoded and played.

The present embodiment considers situations when a program may bewatched and recorded simultaneously. Just as in live decode embodiments,certain aspects support unmarked discontinuities in the time-base duringplayback. Instead of relying on the Timing-Recovery Circuitry to detecttime-base jumps in the PCRs as is done during live decode, the videodecompression engine is configured during playback to interrupt the hostprocessor every time a PTS/DTS (DTS=Decoding time stamp) to STCdifference is larger than a predetermined or programmed amount. If thisinterrupt is detected, then the host processor reads the last PTS seenby video, and the host processor uses that value to force theTiming-Recovery Circuitry to synchronously update all STCs, therebyensuring a smooth time-base transition.

FIG. 12 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of amarked and unmarked PCR discontinuity error concealment method 1200 thatis performed during playback. Within the video decompression engine, thevideo decompression engine waits for an error to be detected between thenext PTS and its existing STC that exceeds a predetermined orprogrammable threshold as shown in a block 1210. When this error is infact detected, the host processor is interrupted as shown in a block1220.

As shown in a block 1230, the host processor responds to the PTS errorinterrupt by programming the Timing-Recovery Circuitry to automaticallyupdated the video and audio STCs with the PTS it received from the videodecoder. This allows the updating of the audio and video STC values. Incontradistinction to the live broadcast model, when the discontinuity isnoticed in the PCR, in this case the discontinuity is noticed in thePTS/DTS. For this reason, the video decoder will never automaticallydisable time-base management. The video decoder will continue to monitorfor PTS maturity before anything is decoded as shown in a block 1240. Itis up to the host processor to update the STC with the new PTS value ina timely fashion to avoid a frame drop during this period as shown in ablock 1250. This functionality serves at least two purposes: it avoidsany issues with respect to dealing with any stream dependent STC to PTSoffsets, and it keeps any possible frame drop/repeat synchronous withthe time-base discontinuity (and thus probably synchronous with anyscene change). Since the audio decoder engine only checks for PTSmaturity as data is sent into the audio buffer, this engine is able toseamlessly handle this update. Also, when the audio STC is updated, theaudio decoder engine discards the audio buffer as shown in a block 1260.

The video decoder uses several thresholds to determine the actionpreformed when the current PTS does not match the video STC. Thesescenarios slightly differ between the playback and live decodesituations with regards to the video decoder dropping playback data.Each of the scenarios is more detail described below.

FIG. 13 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of aPTS and STC mismatch handling method 1300 that is performed during videoplayback.

As shown in a decision block 1310, when it is determined that PTS>STC,then the method deems that the PTS for this picture has not matured.This picture is not displayed until the PTS and STC match. No PTS errorinterrupt is generated as shown in a block 1312. Then, as shown in ablock 1314, when the PTS and STC match do in fact match, then thepicture is then displayed. A predetermined threshold may be used todetermine when PTS>STC.

As shown in a decision block 1320, when it is determined that PTS>>STC,then the method deems that the PTS for this picture is very far in thefuture. This picture is not displayed until the PTS and STC match. Toallow the host processor to correct this by reloading the STC, a PTSerror interrupt is generated to notify the host processor of thissituation as shown in a block 1322. Then, when the PTS and STC match doin fact match as shown in a block 1324, then the picture is thendisplayed. Similarly, a predetermined threshold may be used to determinewhen PTS>STC, and also the same or another predetermined threshold maybe used to determine when PTS>>STC. These one or two predeterminedthreshold(s) may be used to distinguish between the two conditions; itis understood that more than one predetermined threshold may be used todistinguish the two conditions from one another.

As shown in a decision block 1330, when it is determined that PTS<STC,then the method deems that the current picture is slightly old. Thepicture is decoded and, if a display buffer is available at that pointin time, displayed immediately. No PTS error interrupt is generated asshown in a block 1332. The picture is decoded and, if a display bufferis available at that point in time, displayed immediately as shown in ablock 1334. A predetermined threshold may be used to determine whenPTS<STC.

As shown in a decision block 1340, when it is determined that PTS<<STC,then the method deems that the current picture is extremely old. In thissituation, a PTS error interrupt is generated to notify the hostprocessor of this situation as shown in a block 1342. The currentpicture is in then DISPLAYED as shown in a block 1344. As opposed tolive decode, data is NOT dropped in this scenario. Similarly, apredetermined threshold may be used to determine when PTS<STC, and alsothe same or another predetermined threshold may be used to determinewhen PTS<<STC. These one or two predetermined threshold(s) may be usedto distinguish between the two conditions; it is understood that morethan one predetermined threshold may be used to distinguish the twoconditions from one another.

FIG. 14 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of aPTS and STC mismatch handling method 1400 that is performed during audioplayback. The audio decoder determines its actions as described below.

As shown in a decision block 1410, when it is determined that PTS>STC,then the method deems that the PTS for this frame has not matured. Thispicture is not decoded and played until the PTS and STC match. As shownin a block 1414, when the PTS and STC match do in fact match, then thepicture is decoded and played.

As shown in a decision block 1430, when it is determined that PTS<STC,then the method deems that the current frame is old. This picture isdiscarded without being decoded and played. As shown in a block 1434,the current picture is discarded without being decoded and played.

Just as in live decode embodiments, certain aspects support unmarkeddiscontinuities in the time-base during playback. Instead of relying onthe Timing-Recovery Circuitry to detect time-base jumps in the PCRs asis done during live decode, the video decompression engine is configuredduring playback to interrupt the host processor every time a PTS/DTS toSTC difference is larger than a predetermined or programmed amount. Ifthis interrupt is detected, then the host processor reads the last PTSseen by video, and the host processor uses that value to force theTiming-Recovery Circuitry to synchronously update all STCs, therebyensuring a smooth time-base transition.

FIG. 15 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of adata transport processor error handling method 1500. A data transportprocessor is operable to perform some basic error-concealment functionsas described below.

For the live decoding situation, TS packets are synchronized by theSYNCH signal (a synchronization signal) as shown in a block 1510.Alternatively, for the playback situation, soft synchronization isperformed by searching for two 0x47 bytes that are 188 bytes apart asshown in a block 1515. Then, regardless of whether the implementation isthe live decoding situation or the playback situation, the TS packet isdiscarded when the transport error indicator is set as shown in a block1520. Then, as shown in a block 1530, when there is a continuity countermismatch, an interrupt is generated to inform the host processor.Finally, as shown in a block 1540, duplicated packets can be dropped.

FIG. 16 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of avideo transport error handling method 1600. The operations of the videotransport processor that perform the following error-concealmentfunctions may be described below. When the Video Transport decoderencounters the Transport Error Indicator bit set as shown in a block1605, then it discards that packet as shown in a block 1610. When theTransport decoder encounters a discontinuity in the Continuity counteras shown in a block 1615, then as shown in a block 1620, it marks theError flag for the Video decoder to take possible actions (these actionsare programmable).

As shown in a block 1625, the Transport decoder determines whether thecompressed data buffer (VBV) has become full and whether there is noplace in the buffer. When the Transport decoder does in fact encounter ascenario that the compressed data buffer (VBV) has become full and thereis no place in the buffer, then it marks the Error Flag indicatingsevere Error to the Video Decoder as shown in a block 1630. The VideoTransport Processor watchdog Timer is loaded with a value at the startof every packet processing as shown in a block 1635. This value isallowed to down count to zero as shown in a block 1640.

The processor determines whether it takes more than the time specifiedby the value to process the packet. If the processor does in fact takemore than the time specified by the value to process the packet, thewatchdog triggers and the host can take necessary action as shown in ablock 1645.

The Video Transport Processor generates an error interrupt to the hostprocessor if it encounters a scenario, where the VBV is full as shown ina block 1650, but does not contain even one entire decodable picture.The error interrupt is also generated when it's input packet buffers arehaving a 100% occupancy for extended periods continuously as shown in ablock 1655. If the Scrambling control bits indicate that the packet isscrambled, the Video Transport processor discards that packet as shownin a block 1660. If the Sync byte of a transport packet is not 0x47,that packet is discarded as shown in a block 1665. If the Video PESstart code in a transport packet indicates that it has a setpayload_start_code_indicator, and if it is not a Valid Video PES startcode (0x000001Ex), then that packet is discarded as shown in a block1670.

FIG. 17 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of anaudio transport error handling method 1700. There are four cases oferrors during an audio TS packet. They are when errors are detected inaudio packets, when the Scrambling_control field is not “00” in anon-duplicate and non-reserved audio packet containing payload, when theaudio packet is discontinuous, and when the exact splicing point wasmissed. The handling of the above four error conditions is explainedbelow.

As shown in a decision block 1710, when it is determined that errors aredetected in audio packets, then the following operations are performed.When the audio transport detects packet errors in an audio frame, itwill search for the next frame, as shown in a block 1712, and discardthe error frame as shown in a block 1714. If more than one error framesare detected, the audio transport will discard the audio buffer as shownin a block 1716. Then, in a block 1718, the new audio data arere-acquired.

As shown in a decision block 1720, when it is determined that thescrambling_control field is not “00” in a non-duplicate and non-reservedaudio packet containing payload, then the following operations areperformed. An error is assumed if the scrambling_control field in anon-duplicate or non-reserved audio packet containing a payload is notset to ‘00’ as shown in a block 1722; this means that the audio data isstill encrypted. There are one of two options that may be performs fromhere. In one situation, the packet may be discarded as shown in a block1724. Alternatively, as shown in a block 1726, the packet may be treatedas a non-scrambled packet depending on how the chip operating the methodis actually programmed.

As shown in a decision block 1730, when it is determined that the audiopacket is discontinuous, then the following operations are performed.The continuity count field is used for dropped or duplicate packetdetection. After reset, a channel change, or splicing, the first autopacket's continuity is not compared to the continuity value of anyprevious packet. In the following audio packets, if the continuitynumber and adaptation_field_control of the current packet is equal tothe continuity and adaptation_field_control of the last packet havingthe same PID, then the current packet is duplicated as shown in a block1732. The rest of the packet is discarded as shown in a block 1734. Ineven alternative embodiments, when it is determined that the audiopacket is discontinuous, then the audio transport error handling method1700 may jump to the functional block 1712 (search next frame) andcontinue on with the operations of the audio transport error handlingmethod 1700 from that point when a single missing audio packet has beendetected. That is to say, the discontinuity here is a special case whenthe discontinuity involves a single missing audio packet.

The following may be referred to in the FIG. 17 as “predeterminedcondition” extending from the decision block 1730: if the continuity ofthe current packet is greater than 1 more than the continuity of theprevious packet with the same PID, or if the continuity of the currentpacket having payload is equal to the continuity of the previous packethaving an adaptation control field of “00” or “10”, or if a packethaving adaptation and payload has a continuity value equal to theprevious audio packet which had payload only, or if a packet havingpayload only has a continuity value equal to the previous audio packetwhich had adaptation and payload, discontinuity is detected. Upondetecting a discontinuous packet, the audio transport will discard theaudio buffer, as shown in a block 1742, and re-acquire the new audiodata as shown in a block 1744.

As shown in a decision block 1740, when it is determined that the exactsplicing point was missed, then the following operations are performed.An error condition exists when splicing occurs after the intendedsplicing point. The audio transport will discard the audio buffer, asshown in a block 1742, and re-acquire the new audio data as shown in ablock 1744.

FIG. 18 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of anMPEG video decoder error handling method 1800, for picture and upperlayer errors. In general, error concealment is achieved by performingvideo holds. The operations for the picture and upper layers' error areshown in the FIG. 18. The decoding process action is shown in a block1810. As shown in a block 1812, the method waits for the new decodesynch. Then, in a block 1814, the method recovers the decoding from thenew decode synch. The presentation process action is shown in a block1820. The same previous picture is displayed as shown in a block 1822.

FIG. 19 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of anMPEG video decoder error handling method 1900, for slice and lower layererrors. The handling of the slice and lower layers' error are describedbelow.

The decoding process action is shown in a block 1910. In a block 1911,the rest of the slice from the previous anchor frame is copied. Withinthe parser, the method skips to the next start code as shown in a block1912. If it is determined that the next start code is a new slice headeras shown in a decision block 1914, then the decoding process actionrecovers from there as shown in a block 1915.

However, if it is determined that the next start code is not a new sliceheader as shown in the decision block 1914, then it is furtherdetermined whether the next start code is a picture or upper layers'start code as shown in a decision block 1916. If it is determined thatthe next start code is in fact a picture or upper layers' start code asshown in the decision block 1916, then the method then waits for the newdecode synch, as shown in a block 1917, and the method recovers thedecoding process action from there as shown in a block 1918. If it isdetermined that the next start code is not a picture or upper layers'start code as shown in the decision block 1916, then the method thenproceeds to the presentation process action that is shown in a block1920.

Again, the presentation process action is shown in a block 1920. Thepresentation process action involves displaying the concealed picture asshown in a block 1922. The presentation process action also involvesperforming “video hold” as shown in a block 1924.

FIG. 20 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of anMPEG video decoder error handling method 2000. If it is determined thatlive decoding is being performed as shown in a decision block 2010,specifically when acquired from a progressive-refresh sequence, then aprediction made from a black frame will be enabled as shown in a block2020. If it is determined that live decoding is not being performed asshown in the decision block 2010, then the method continues on to adecision block 2030.

For playback, when the data is determined to be acquired from aprogressive-refresh sequence as shown in a decision block 2030, then thevideo can be muted until the first completely “refreshed” picture isdecoded as shown in a block 2040. Then the method continues on to thedecision block 2050. Alternatively, when the data is determined not tobe acquired from a progressive-refresh sequence as shown in the decisionblock 2030, then the method continues on to the decision block 2050.

Then, in a decision block 2050, when a sequence_error_code is detected,then a “video hold” will be enabled as shown in a block 2060.Afterwards, the video is muted after a sequence_end_code as shown in ablock 2070. In both cases, decoding process will wait for the new decodesynch, as shown in a block 2080, and the method then re-starts fromthere as shown in a block 2090.

FIG. 21 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of anMPEG audio decoder error handling method 2100. In a decision block 2110,it is determined whether the audio decoder has detected any errors. Ifno errors are detected in the decision block 2110, then the methodterminates.

However, if it is determined that the audio decoder has detected errorsin the decision block 2110, then the host processor is interrupted asshown in a block 2120. The host processor will set audio transport todiscard the audio buffer, as shown in a block 2130, and then it willre-acquire the new audio data as shown in a block 2140.

FIG. 22 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of anerror concealment method 2200. In a decision block 2210, it isdetermined whether an error is detected in a data segment that isbetween two slice headers. If no such an error is detected in thedecision block 2210, then the method terminates. Alternatively, if suchan error is in fact detected in the decision block 2210 as being anerror in a data segment that is between two slice headers, then it isassumed that the data between the two start codes is in error as shownin a block 2220. This may be based on the premise that variable lengthcodes (VLCs) cannot typically be decoded by starting to decode at anyarbitrary point in the compressed bit stream. The particular error typeis identified in a block 2230.

The identified type of error is used to mark data as shown in a block2240. Any number of various categories of data may be handled as shownby a category 1 2250, a category 2 2260, a category 3 2270, . . . , anda category n 2290. For example, the error marked on this erred datasegment could be marked as error category ‘1’ as shown in the block 2250or error category ‘2’ as shown in the block 2260 or category ‘3’ asshown in the block 2270 or category ‘n’ as shown in the block 2290.

In certain embodiments, the video firmware would respond differently forthese markings. For example, if the error type is 1, then the videodecoder would just drop that slice row from decoding as shown in a block2251. If the error type is 2, then the decode would drop the remainingpart of the picture, as shown in a block 2261, and then the method wouldbegin decoding from the next picture as shown in a block 2262. Inaddition, if the error type is 3, then the video decoder would drop allthe data from that point till the next sequence header as shown in ablock 2271. Any number of other operations may be performed in responseto other error types as well. In general, if the error type is ‘n’, thensome other error concealment procedure is performed as shown in a block2271.

FIG. 23 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of anerror concealment method 2300. In a decision block 2310, it isdetermined whether an error is detected as being in a non-slice datasegment. If it is determined that no error is detected as being in anon-slice data segment in the decision block 2310, then the methodterminates.

However, one of two options are performed when it is determined that anerror is detected as being in a non-slice data segment in the decisionblock 2310. In one embodiment, the picture layer firmware is operable tosynchronize to the next picture header as shown in a block 2320.

In another embodiment, when an error is detected in a non-slice datasegment in the decision block 2310, then the error is identified to bewithin a particular category as shown in the decision block 2330. Forexample, the error may be categorized as being within error category‘1’, within error category ‘2’, within error category ‘3’, . . . , orwithin error category ‘n’ as shown in the decision block 2330. After thecategorization is performed, then the method is operable to synchronizeto the sequence header as shown in a block 2320. If the error cannot becategorized within the decision block 2330, then the method may eitherbegin again or terminate (as shown by the dotted line). Again, thepicture layer firmware is operable to sync to the next picture header,as shown in the block 2320, or to the sequence header if the error typeis 1, 2, 3, . . . , or n, respectively, as shown in the block 2340.

FIG. 24 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of avideo decoding method 2400. The Video Decoder checks the bit stream for‘marker bits,’ as shown in a block 2410, wherever they are expected tooccur in the MPEG data structure.

In a decision block 2420, it is determined whether a marker bit iscarrying a desired value. If it is determined that the marker bit iscarrying the desired value in the decision block 2420, then this methodterminates and then proceeds on to another appropriate method. However,if it is determined that the marker bit is not carrying the desiredvalue in the decision block 2420, then the video firmware skips all thedata in the header/extension as an error correction measure, as shown ina block 2430, and then the method moves on to parse the nextheader/extension as shown in a block 2440.

FIG. 25 is an operational flow diagram illustrating another embodimentof a video decoding method 2500. The video Decoder inspects thequantization table that is sent by the encoder as shown in a block 2510.In a decision block 2520, it is determined whether any of the values areequal to zero.

If it is determined that no value is equal to zero within the decisionblock 2520, then the method terminates. However, if it is determinedthat any value in the quantization table is in fact equal to zero asshown in the decision block 2520, then the video firmware skips all thedata in the header/extension as an error correction measure, as shown ina block 2530, and then it moves on to parse the next header/extension asshown in a block 2540.

FIG. 26 is an operational flow diagram illustrating another embodimentof a video decoding method 2600. In a block 2610, it is determined ifthe sequence header carries a value of zero for either the horizontal orthe vertical size fields.

If it is determined that no value is equal to zero within the decisionblock 2620, then the method skips all the data in the header as an errorcorrection measure, as shown in a block 2630, and then the method moveson to parse the next header/extension as shown in a block 2640.Alternatively, if it is determined that a value is equal to zero withinthe decision block 2620, then the method terminates.

FIG. 27 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of avideo processing method 2700. The Video Processor has a watchdog timerthat is wired out as an interrupt to the host. The timer is loaded witha Host programmed value when the decoding of a picture begins as shownin a block 2710. The watchdog timer is started in a block 2710.

It is determined in a decision block 2730 whether the timer exceeds ahost programmed watchdog timer value. If it is determined that the timerexceeds a host programmed watchdog timer value in the decision block2730, or stated another way, if it whether is determined that thedecoder takes more than the specified time in the timer, then thewatchdog triggers and an interrupt as shown in a block 2740; theinterrupt is sent to the host as shown in a block 2750. The hostprocessor can then take any appropriate recovery action as shown in ablock 2760.

Some other aspects of various embodiments are described below. Forexample, a Huffman decoder may perform error detection in certainembodiments; the Huffman decoder is capable of detecting errors. Thefirmware proceeds to decode the next slice when an error is encountered.The Huffman decoder is also operable to monitor the run length of thedecoded symbols during block processing. Run values overshooting a blocksize of 64 coefficients may also be marked as an Huffman Error. TheVideo decoder Processor checks for Invalid parameters such as an InvalidMotion Type.

However, Motion vectors may not be able to be checked leading to zonesbeyond the picture. The Video decoder is capable of handling anyarbitrary sized Slice. It works for both, restricted and unrestrictedslice structures. The Video decoder may not be operable to determinemissing MBs/Slices in the picture. The Video Decoder parses theConcealment motion vectors from the stream, but it does not use them toperform any error concealment. If the size of the decoded picture isexceeding the size of the buffer, then the decoding process is curbed tothe size of the buffer. If the number of MBs being decoded in thehorizontal direction exceeds the horizontal size of the picture, theexcess MBs are wrapped over to the next vertical position. If it isdetermined that the number of decoded rows exceeds the vertical size ofthe picture, then the further decodes may be curbed to be within thespecified vertical size.

As one of average skill in the art will appreciate, the term“substantially” or “approximately”, as may be used herein, provides anindustry-accepted tolerance to its corresponding term. Such anindustry-accepted tolerance ranges from less than one percent to twentypercent and corresponds to, but is not limited to, component values,integrated circuit process variations, temperature variations, rise andfall times, and/or thermal noise. As one of average skill in the artwill further appreciate, the term “coupled”, as may be used herein,includes direct coupling and indirect coupling via another component,element, circuit, or module where, for indirect coupling, theintervening component, element, circuit, or module does not modify theinformation of a signal but may adjust its current level, voltage level,and/or power level. As one of average skill in the art will alsoappreciate, inferred coupling (that is, where one element is coupled toanother element by inference) includes direct and indirect couplingbetween two elements in the same manner as “coupled”. As one of averageskill in the art will further appreciate, the term “compares favorably”,as may be used herein, indicates that a comparison between two or moreelements, items, signals, etc., provides a desired relationship. Forexample, when the desired relationship is that a first signal has agreater magnitude than a second signal, a favorable comparison may beachieved when the magnitude of the first signal is greater than that ofthe second signal or when the magnitude of the second signal is lessthan that of the first signal.

What is claimed is:
 1. A Motion Picture Expert Group (MPEG) errorconcealment system, comprising: a MPEG transport processor configured toreceive a live streaming MPEG transport stream and identify a transporterror within a MPEG transport stream layer of the live streaming MPEGtransport stream; and a MPEG decoder coupled to the MPEG transportprocessor, the MPEG decoder configured to conceal the transport error byan error concealment operation, wherein, when a mismatch between apresentation time stamp of the live streaming MPEG transport stream anda video system time clock occurs, the MPEG decoder produces a categorytype of the transport error contained within the live streaming MPEGtransport stream by comparing a difference between the presentation timestamp of the live streaming MPEG transport stream and a video systemtime clock to a predetermined threshold, the category type designatingthe error concealment operation of a plurality of error concealmentoperations.
 2. The MPEG error concealment system of claim 1, wherein theMPEG decoder is further configured to: identify the transport errorcontained within the MPEG transport stream received from a MPEG datastorage media; and conceal the error contained within the MPEG transportstream received from the MPEG data storage media.
 3. The MPEG errorconcealment system of claim 1, wherein the MPEG transport processoridentifies the transport error contained within the live streaming MPEGtransport stream by detecting a marked discontinuity in a time-base ofthe live streaming MPEG transport stream.
 4. The MPEG error concealmentsystem of claim 1, wherein the MPEG decoder further comprises: a MPEGvideo decoder to identify the mismatch between the presentation timestamp of the live streaming MPEG transport stream and the video systemtime clock.
 5. The MPEG error concealment system of claim 1, wherein theMPEG transport processor identifies the error contained within the livestreaming MPEG transport stream by detecting that a difference between anew programmed clock reference of the live streaming MPEG transportstream and an existing system time clock exceeds a predeterminedthreshold.
 6. The MPEG error concealment system of claim 1, wherein theMPEG decoder further comprising: a MPEG video decoder operable toidentify a video error within a MPEG video layer of the live streamingMPEG transport stream, and a MPEG audio decoder operable to identify anaudio error within a MPEG audio layer of the live streaming MPEGtransport stream.
 7. The MPEG error concealment system of claim 6,wherein the MPEG video decoder performs error concealment of the videoerror during live video decoding.
 8. The MPEG error concealment systemof claim 6, wherein the MPEG audio decoder performs error concealment ofan audio error during live audio decoding.
 9. A Motion Picture ExpertGroup (MPEG) error concealment system, comprising: a MPEG transportprocessor configured to receive a live streaming MPEG transport stream,the MPEG transport processor further configured to identify a transporterror within a MPEG transport stream layer of the live streaming MPEGtransport stream; and a MPEG decoder coupled to the MPEG transportprocessor, the MPEG decoder configured to conceal the transport errorby: when a mismatch between a presentation time stamp of the livestreaming MPEG transport stream and a video system time clock occurs,producing a category type of a plurality of category types of thetransport error contained within the live streaming MPEG transportstream by comparing a difference between the presentation time stamp ofthe live streaming MPEG transport stream and that of a video system timeclock to a predetermined threshold, the category type of the pluralityof category types designating an error concealment operation of aplurality of error concealment operations.
 10. The MPEG errorconcealment system of claim 9, wherein the MPEG decoder is furtherconfigured to: identify the transport error contained within the MPEGtransport stream received from a MPEG data storage media; and concealthe error contained within the MPEG transport stream that is receivedfrom the MPEG data storage media.
 11. The MPEG error concealment systemof claim 9, wherein the MPEG transport processor identifies thetransport error contained within the live streaming MPEG transportstream by detecting a marked discontinuity in a time-base of the livestreaming MPEG transport stream.
 12. The MPEG error concealment systemof claim 9, wherein the MPEG decoder further comprising: a MPEG videodecoder configured to identify the mismatch between the presentationtime stamp of the live streaming MPEG transport stream and the videosystem time clock.
 13. The MPEG error concealment system of claim 9,wherein the MPEG transport processor identifies the error containedwithin the live streaming MPEG transport stream by detecting adifference exceeds a predetermined threshold of a new programmed clockreference of the live streaming MPEG transport stream from an existingsystem time clock.
 14. The MPEG error concealment system of claim 9,wherein the MPEG decoder further comprising: a MPEG video decoderconfigured to identify a video error within a MPEG video layer of thelive streaming MPEG transport stream, and a MPEG audio decoderconfigured to identify an audio error within a MPEG audio layer of thelive streaming MPEG transport stream.
 15. The MPEG error concealmentsystem of claim 14, wherein the MPEG video decoder performs errorconcealment of the video error during live video decoding.
 16. The MPEGerror concealment system of claim 14, wherein the MPEG audio decoderperforms error concealment of an audio error during live audio decoding.17. A Motion Picture Expert Group (MPEG) error concealment system,comprising: a MPEG transport processor configured to receive a livestreaming MPEG transport stream and identify a transport error within aMPEG transport stream layer of the live streaming MPEG transport stream;and a MPEG decoder coupled to the MPEG transport processor, the MPEGdecoder configured to conceal the transport error based upon, wherein,when a mismatch occurs of a presentation time stamp of the livestreaming MPEG transport stream against a video system time clock, theMPEG decoder is configured to produce a category type of a plurality ofcategory types for the transport error within the live streaming MPEGtransport stream based on comparing a mismatch difference to apredetermined threshold, at least two of the category types of theplurality of category types designating at least one error concealmentoperation of a plurality of error concealment operations.
 18. The MPEGerror concealment system of claim 17, wherein the MPEG decoder isfurther configured to: identify the transport error contained within theMPEG transport stream received from a MPEG data storage media; andconceal the error contained within the MPEG transport stream that isreceived from the MPEG data storage media.
 19. The MPEG errorconcealment system of claim 17, wherein the MPEG transport processor isfurther configured to identify the transport error contained within thelive streaming MPEG transport stream by detecting a marked discontinuityin a time-base of the live streaming MPEG transport stream.
 20. The MPEGerror concealment system of claim 17, wherein the MPEG decoder furthercomprising: a MPEG video decoder configured to identify the mismatchbetween the presentation time stamp of the live streaming MPEG transportstream and the video system time clock.